ABSTRACT
Resumen La expansión de la producción agrícola y ganadera ha sido un factor clave en la deforestación en el mundo y especialmente en la región tropical. En consecuencia, más de la mitad de la superficie terrestre del planeta se utiliza para el establecimiento de sistemas productivos, en este contexto las cercas vivas pueden generan efectos positivos sobre el ambiente y proveer bienes y servicios ambientales. En este trabajo hacemos una revisión sobre los efectos que tienen las cercas vivas sobre los sistemas productivos, analizando los usos y percepciones que tienen los agricultores. Esta revisión abarca las diferentes regiones tropicales del mundo. Se encontró que las cercas vivas estuvieron principalmente vinculadas a la delimitación de predios y potreros. No obstante, sus usos y beneficios son múltiples, entre los que se encontraron suministrar forraje, extracción de madera, proveer frutos, servir como rompevientos, generar medicinas, evitar la erosión del suelo, retener la humedad y suministrar aportes nutricionales. Además, se encontraron percepciones a favor como aumentar la conectividad del paisaje, aumentar los ingresos económicos, reducir los costos productivos, reducir la presión sobre la vegetación remanente, tener bajo costos de mantenimiento, contribuir al control de plagas y mejoran la fertilidad. Sin embargo, también se encontraron percepciones negativas como el excesivo trabajo al repararlas o podarlas, la sombra puede afectar la producción agrícola, la falta de información desestimula su establecimiento, costos elevados de establecimiento, generación de conflictos de propiedades y dificultad de manejo. Se encontró que los usos por parte de los agricultores están enfocados a mejorar los rendimientos de los sistemas productivos, pero también a la conservación de recursos naturales como el suelo y la biodiversidad. Se proponen temas de investigación para el futuro como determinar los criterios en la elección de especies nativas para establecer y enriquecer las cercas vivas dando valor a aspectos ecológicos y socioeconómicos, además, se debe profundizar en los beneficios que producen sobre los rendimientos de los sistemas productivos Se sugiere realizar estudios sobre las cercas vivas en la región tropical de Australasia debido a que no se encontraron estudios en esta región, así se podría conocer el estado de su biodiversidad y servicios que brinda a la comunidad rural. Por último, lo que se busca con esta revisión es generar iniciativas que fomenten la formulación de políticas rurales, la creación de programas que estimulen el establecimiento de cercas vivas, ya sea por medio de pagos por servicios ambientales, compensaciones tributarias u otro tipo de mecanismos. Proveer información adecuada a agricultores y ganaderos es un aspecto central de dinamiza el establecimiento de las cercas vivas.
Abstract The expansion of agricultural and livestock production has been a key factor in deforestation in the world and especially in the tropical region. Currently, more than half of the Earth's surface is used for the establishment of production systems; in this context, live fences can generate positive effects on the environment and provide environmental goods and services. In this work, we reviewed the effects of live fences on production systems from the tropical regions of America, Africa, Asia and Australia, analyzing the uses and perceptions of farmers that have made use of these fences. It was found that live fences were mainly related to the delimitation of farms and pastures. However, their uses and benefits are manifold, among which we found: provide forage, wood extraction, fruit supply, windbreaks, medicinal, to avoid soil erosion, moisture retention and nutritional support. In addition, other positive perceptions were: increasing landscape connectivity, increasing economic incomes, reducing production costs, reducing pressure on remaining vegetation, keeping maintenance costs down, contributing to pest control, and improving fertility. However, negative perceptions included the excessive work in repairing or pruning them, shade negative impact on agricultural production, lack of information discourages establishment, high establishment costs, generation of property conflicts and management difficulty. It was found that the uses by farmers are focused on improving the yields of productive systems, but also on the conservation of natural resources especially soil and biodiversity. We proposed research topics for the future, as determining the criteria in the selection of native species to establish and enrich living fences valuing ecological and socioeconomic aspects; in additionally, we must deepen the benefits they produce on the yields of productive systems. We suggest the development of live fences studies in the tropical region of Australasia, because no data was found for this region, in order to know the biodiversity and services status that they provide to the rural communities. As a conclusion, it will be important to generate initiatives that encourage the formulation of rural policies, the creation of programs that encourage the establishment of live fences, whether through payments for environmental services, tax compensation or other mechanisms. Providing adequate information to farmers and livestock farmers is a key aspect on dynamizing the establishment of live fences. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 739-753. Epub 2018 June 01.
Subject(s)
Agricultural Zones/analysis , Crops, Agricultural/adverse effects , Natural Resources Exploitation , Conservation of Natural Resources , Biodiversity , Sustainable Agriculture , Environmental Damage Minimization , Environmental Performance , Animal Husbandry/trendsABSTRACT
Contexto: No Brasil, confirmou-se recentemente a ocorrência da Green Tobacco Sickness (GTS) em trabalhadores de uma importante região produtora de tabaco, evidenciando a necessidade da adoção de medidas preventivas para o seu controle. Objetivos: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de uma vestimenta-padrão, proposta para uso durante a colheita das folhas de tabaco, além de avaliar a sua aplicabilidade na prevenção da GTS. Métodos: Foi realizada a quantificação da exposição potencial dérmica dos trabalhadores à nicotina e à cotinina por dosimetria passiva. Participaram do estudo 18 trabalhadores, que utilizaram a vestimenta de proteção padrão durante um dia típico de trabalho. A quantificação dos resíduos de nicotina e cotinina foi realizada por meio de UPLC-MS-MS. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que a vestimenta conferiu proteção de cerca de 98%, e que seu uso pode contribuir para a prevenção da GTS. Conclusão: Ações de conscientização quanto à importância do uso da vestimenta, associadas ao esclarecimento sobre a doença, são os caminhos para a prevenção e o controle.
Context: Recently, Green Tobacco Sickness (GTS) has been confirmed among workers in a major tobacco-producing region in Brazil. This indicates the need to adopt preventive measures to control the disease. Objectives: This study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of the proposed use of standard clothing during tobacco leaf harvesting process, and at evaluating its applicability in the GTS prevention. Methods: Potential dermal exposure of workers to nicotine and cotinine was determined by passive dosimetry. A total of 18 workers participated in the study. These workers wore the standard protective clothing during a typical workday. Quantification of the nicotine and cotinine residues was carried out by means of UPLC-MS-MS. Results: The results showed that the clothing provided approximately 98% protection, and that its use may contribute to the GTS prevention. Conclusion: To raise awareness on the importance of the use of the clothing, associated with educational actions concerning the disease, will be the path to prevention and control of GTS.